老龄化、老年家庭消费与补偿消费行为

基于中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）2011年基线调查以及2013年和2015年追踪调查数据，本文使用因子分析和非随机断点回归设计等方法，以家庭为分析的基本单位，从补偿性消费行为理论的视角探究老龄化背景下老年家庭消费需求及其结构变动。研究发现：①老年家庭的补偿性消费需求随年龄增长而缓慢上升，但这个过程并不是连续的，而是在63岁和71岁两个年龄节点处存在显著跳跃，与政策节点相比略有延迟；②63岁断点处向上跳跃的幅度为5~7个百分点，跳跃幅度较小，而71岁断点处向上跳跃的幅度大约为20%。仿照联合国的年龄划分标准，可将63岁作为我国老年人进入年轻老年的年龄节点，71岁作为进入老年阶段的年龄节点；③不同断点处支撑老年家庭补偿性消费需求结构变动的影响因子并不相同。驱动63岁年龄节点跃动最显著的影响因子是教育培训，这可能是为了延迟补偿年轻时的教育缺憾，或再次进入劳动力市场，但也不能排除对孙辈的教育负担；驱动71岁年龄节点跃动最显著的影响因子是医疗保健、文化娱乐和交通通讯，旅游支出减少可能是经济或身体方面的原因，也可能是因为国家为满70周岁的老年人出游提供了各种优惠和减免政策。     

The Family Experience of the Crisis of Involuntary Treatment in Mental Health

While policy and practice standards emphasise the importance of engaging and supporting families of people with mental health problems, many families have reported feeling unsupported and distanced from treatment and care planning in acute inpatient units. There has been little systematic interest in the changing role and experiences of families throughout the emergence of illness, crisis, seeking of treatment, and subsequent recovery. Nineteen in-depth interviews were conducted with the next of kin of 17 people who had been admitted under an Involuntary Treatment Order in a large metropolitan hospital in the Brisbane region. A general inductive approach was used to analyse the data. While hospital admission was described as a time where, ideally, families were able to let go of being responsible for their relative's behaviour and let the health care professionals take over, for many this did not occur. We suggest four critical elements for providing recovery-oriented support to families. These include: (a) ensuring that families feel that their relative is safe and receiving the care needed; (b) keeping the family informed about their relative's progress; (c) ensuring families have access to information about the mental health system, and (d) working in partnership with the families.

IMPLICATIONS

• Family wellbeing is improved when they feel part of a supportive team.

• Instituting an open policy where families can contact ward staff easily and access information about the person they care for may alleviate families’ anxieties and minimise stress.

• Family work is enhanced when health professionals acknowledge families’ relationships, expertise, and understanding of their family member.

     

澳大利亚离婚家庭子女经济支持政策及其影响

澳大利亚每年的离婚人口数量较高,涉及未成年子女的离婚数量占到将近一半,每年有超过40000名18岁以下未成年子女正在承受着家庭离散之苦。与情感方面相比,经济上的变故给离婚家庭未成年子女带来更大的冲击。根据对澳大利亚离婚家庭的家庭收入、房屋拥有率、租房费用、资产总量以及经济压力这几个指标进行对比和分析,发现离婚对澳大利亚家庭经济水平具有严重负面影响,是导致澳大利亚离婚家庭子女福利降低的根源。随着离婚家庭经济水平的降低,澳大利亚离婚家庭的儿童保育费用下降、儿童教育支出减少、子女发展受到明显抑制。为此,澳大利亚不断完善相关法律法规,采取了诸多政策措施,在改善离婚家庭子女福利上积累了丰富的经验,取得了巨大成效,具体措施包括明确财产和抚养费分配的原则、优先考虑儿童最大利益、制定“儿童抚养计划”等。随着中国离婚程序的简化,中国离婚率已经从1984年的0.39%升至2018年的3.2%,超过了英、法、韩、日等国家。中国受离婚影响的未成年子女数量也随之不断增长,他们正承受着离婚带来的巨大的精神和物质压力。澳大利亚对离婚家庭子女的支持政策值得我国借鉴,建议我国以“儿童最大利益优先原则”确定抚养人,合理确定抚养费数额,加强抚养费执行与监管,这将有利于改善离婚家庭子女的生活,维护未成年子女利益,从而更有效地维护社会稳定发展。     

Structural stability,quantitative change: A latent class analysis approach towards gender role attitudes in Germany

Since the 1960s, social science surveys have aimed to assess respondents' attitudes towards gender roles. In this paper, a model-based clustering approach towards gender role attitudes is proposed in contrast to commonly used dimensional methods. Working from a role theory perspective, we expect different profiles in the population when it comes to role expectations. Using data from the German General Social Survey in 1991 and 2012, we identify attitude patterns via multi-group latent class analysis, taking differences between Eastern and Western Germany into account. Five latent classes representing different combinations of role expectations towards couples and parents and varying levels of intensity are distinguished. Attitude change is assessed by comparing latent class prevalence over time, while statistically testing for measurement equivalence. The analysis reveals a regionally variable decrease in traditional role models: Eastern Germany exhibits a faster pace of ‘de-traditionalization’ and less potential for role conflicts regarding working mothers.     

Family Experiences of Caring for Relatives Who Have Received Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

The research literature on family members’ experiences of the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is limited. This article explores the perspectives of family members whose relatives had received ECT. Drawing on a social constructionist perspective, this qualitative study collected data using in-depth interviews with nine families in South Australia, to examine how family members constructed the supports and challenges they experienced. The research found that families experienced a range of social and service system barriers, including social stigma and isolation, and limited support from health professionals. They had to negotiate caring expectations within a social context that stigmatised both mental illness and ECT. A need for ECT-specific mental health support groups was identified.

IMPLICATIONS

• Social workers’ roles in Australian hospitals could be further expanded to accommodate supporting families whose relatives have received ECT, referring families to community support, and advocating for specialist support post-ECT treatment.

• Social workers can further articulate their unique contribution to community care post-ECT treatment and advocate for supporting families.

• Increased focus on ongoing and preventative care for supporting families is a potential growth area for social workers in mental health.

     

农民工民生权利的层级保障

民生权利是民生问题法治保障的相应表达，实现农民工民生权利是农民工民生保障的法学思路。结合我国国情与农民工的自身特点，对农民工民生权利予以层级划分并由此作出层级保障是一种符合现实的理性态度。在层级划分上，农民工民生权利可分为生存与发展两个层级；而在层级保障上，可立足国家义务视角来探索农民工民生权利的保障措施，具体包括尊重与保护义务不分层级全面履行，而给付义务需区分层级差别履行，以实现对农民工民生权利的最优保障。     

“独二代”成长状况、社会风险及应对策略

在实行计划生育政策30多年后的今天,"独二代"开始进入人们的视线。经济增长、家庭结构和信息发展等方面的优越性为"独二代"营造了一个正常的成长环境,但社会的转型与发展也为"独二代"带来了许多问题。"独二代"作为家庭结构变动的产物,可能引发中国未来社会在家庭、养老、劳动力、国家安全等方面的风险。因此,应以发展的眼光来观察"独二代"现象,为规避"独二代"可能遭遇的问题和风险寻求策略。     

司马光《书仪》与《朱子家礼》之比较

北宋司马光所编的《书仪》和南宋朱熹的草就稿《朱子家礼》,是对后世影响较大的两部居家礼仪规范著作。在礼仪环节上,后者继承前者,却要简省得多。在思想性上,两者都注重继承传统,又与时通变,树立符合时代需要和民俗风情的治家礼仪规范。     

Missing family: the adult child’s experience of parental estrangement

This qualitative study examined the experiences of 25 adult children who initiated or maintained estrangement from one or both parents. Participants often stated that they initiated or maintained estrangement to provide relief and space to heal from a difficult relationship, but it was also experienced as a considerable loss that impacted them across the lifespan. They missed having a family and the benefits of such a relationship, including emotional, financial and physical support. However, the majority stated that they did not miss ‘their own family’ or the person they were estranged from, often taking active measures to keep the estrangement status intact. Estrangement also appeared to affect participant’s experiences of other relationships with non-estranged family members, work colleagues, and potential partners and friends. These findings suggest social work practice that is focused on understanding and addressing grief reactions, a critical examination of family, stress reduction, and reconnection to safe and trusting relationships.